Mechanism of Propagated Cortical Depression (CSD) - NIRS fNIRS Experimental Design and Analysis

Propagated Cortical Depression (CSD) is a complex neurological phenomenon characterized by a wave of neuronal depolarization that sweeps across the cerebral cortex. This process can vary in intensity and range, suggesting that more intense or prolonged feelings might induce more extensive CSDs, requiring a deeper reorganization of the connectome. Although this hypothesis relates CSD to brain plasticity and neural reorganization, it is important to note that it is still considered speculative due to the complexity of brain activity levels and the lack of direct evidence.


O mecanismo da Depressão Cortical Propagada CSD - Cortical Spreading Depression

Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of CSD

1. Change in DC Tension and Neuronal Depolarization

CSD is marked by massive depolarization of neurons, propagating through the cortex at a speed of 2 to 5 mm/min. This depolarization is accompanied by a slow and negative change in DC tension, reflecting the loss of ionic homeostasis. During this event, there is a significant influx of sodium (Na⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) ions into neurons, followed by the efflux of potassium (K⁺) into the extracellular space, resulting in an inversion of the electrochemical gradient that complicates the generation of new action potentials.

2. Energy Depletion and Reduction of Neuronal Activity

The energy demand to restore ionic homeostasis during CSD is high, mainly through the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump, which leads to temporary ATP depletion. This depletion results in a reduction in neuronal activity known as cortical depression, also affecting neurotransmitter release and synaptic signaling.

3. Changes in Blood Flow and Metabolism

CSD causes significant hemodynamic changes, such as initial hyperemia followed by prolonged oligemia. This reduction in blood flow decreases the availability of oxygen and glucose, exacerbating energy depletion and further affecting neuronal activity.

4. Accumulation of Neurotoxic Substances

During CSD, there is an increase in the extracellular concentration of glutamate, which can cause excitotoxicity and neuronal damage. The accumulation of K⁺ and extracellular acidosis also contribute to the continuation of depolarization and difficulty in neuronal repolarization.

5. Mechanisms of CSD Propagation

CSD propagates autonomously, primarily through the diffusion of K⁺ and glutamate to adjacent areas, triggering new waves of depolarization. The activation of voltage-dependent ionic channels and the release of neurotransmitters are crucial for the propagation of this phenomenon.

6. Relation to Neurological Disorders

CSD is often associated with conditions such as migraine with aura, head trauma, and cerebral ischemia. In the context of migraine, CSD can initiate the aura, which precedes the reduction in neuronal activity and contributes to pain and other neurological symptoms.

CLIPs da Apresentação de Prof Prof. João Ricardo Sato UFABC
Desafios do Desenho Experimental e Analise de Dados fNIRS

NIRS fNIRS 41 Experimental Design and Analysis Training analysis in resting states

NIRS fNIRS 41 Experimental Design and Analysis Cardiac arrhythmia complicates everything

NIRS fNIRS 40 Experimental Design and Analysis Rhythmic oscillations in the axial region of the body Accelerometers

NIRS fNIRS 39 Experimental Design and Analysis A minimum number of 10 repetitions

NIRS fNIRS 38 Experimental Design and Analysis Beta and average calculator for 60 second Block Designs

NIRS fNIRS 37 Experimental Design and Analysis Beta and average calculator for 15 second Block Designs

NIRS fNIRS 36 Experimental Design and Analysis Beta and average calculator for 15 second Block Designs

NIRS fNIRS 35 Experimental Design and Analysis Multiple Regression with more than Two Predictors Residuals Autocorrelation

NIRS fNIRS 34 Experimental Design and Analysis Multiple Regression with more than Two Predictors and some confounders

NIRS fNIRS 33 Experimental Design and Analysis Multiple Regression with Two Predictors HRF Convolution

NIRS fNIRS 32 Experimental Design and Analysis Multiple Regression with Two Predictors HRF Convolution

NIRS fNIRS 31 Experimental Design and Analysis HRF Hemodynamic Response Function Simple Linear Regression Model Beta = zero

NIRS fNIRS 30 Experimental Design and Analysis HRF Hemodynamic Response Function Modelo de Regreção Linear Beta = zero

NIRS fNIRS 29 Experimental Design and Analysis Convolução do desenho com a HRF Hemodynamic Response Function Modelo de Regressão Linear

NIRS fNIRS 28 Experimental Design and Analysis Convolução do desenho com a HRF Hemodynamic Response Function Modelo de Regressão Linear

NIRS fNIRS Experimental Design and Analysis HRF Hemodynamic Response Function

NIRS fNIRS 27 Experimental Design and Analysis Análise Estatística Convolução do Desenho Experimental pela HRF

NIRS fNIRS 27 Experimental Design and Analysis Análise Estatística HRF Variação Fisiologicamente Plausivel Convolução

NIRS fNIRS 26 Experimental Design and Analysis Análise Estatística Correlação?

NIRS fNIRS 25 Experimental Design and Analysis Análise Estatística

NIRS fNIRS 24 Experimental Design and Analysis Motions Corrections Deslizamento da Touca PARA TDR

NIRS fNIRS 23 Experimental Design and Analysis Motions Corrections Short Distance e Filtros em Frequências Acelerômetro Giroscópio

NIRS fNIRS 22 Experimental Design and Analysis Motions Corrections Short Distance e Filtros em Frequências

NIRS fNIRS 21 Experimental Design and Analysis Short Distance Channels Corrections

NIRS fNIRS 20 Experimental Design and Analysis Short Distance Corrections

NIRS fNIRS 19 Experimental Design and Analysis Motion Corrections Long Distance Short Distance

NIRS fNIRS 18 Experimental Design and Analysis Motion Corrections PCA TDDR Metodo do CUI

NIRS fNIRS 17 Experimental Design and Analysis Motion Corrections PCA TDDR Signal Enhancement

NIRS fNIRS 16 Experimental Design and Analysis Motion Corrections Existe Artefato de Movimento

NIRS fNIRS 15 Experimental Design and Analysis Optical Density para Estados Hemodinamicos Oxy Desoxy Hemoglobina Beer-Lambert Modificada

NIRS fNIRS 14 Experimental Design and Analysis Optical Density para Estados Hemodinamicos Oxy Desoxy Hemoglobina Beer-Lambert Modificada

NIRS fNIRS 13 Experimental Design and Analysis Pré-processamento dos Dados Raw Data em volts converter para Optical Density

NIRS fNIRS 12 Experimental Design and Analysis Pré-processamento dos Dados Raw Data

NIRS fNIRS 12 Experimental Design and Analysis Desenhos MIstos é mais raros

NIRS fNIRS 11 Experimental Design and Analysis Event-Related A B com Medida Aleatórias

NIRS fNIRS 10 Experimental Design and Analysis Block-Design A B Maior poder Estatístico mas tem adaptações

NIRS fNIRS 9 Experimental Design and Analysis Block-Design A B 30s Tarefa e Repouso

NIRS fNIRS 8 Experimental Design and Analysis Block-Design A B 30s

NIRS fNIRS 7 Experimental Design and Analysis 02 tipos de Desenhos Block-Design e Event-Related

NIRS fNIRS 6 Experimental Design and Analysis Níveis de Oxigenação Induzido pela tarefa ou relacionado a flutuações corporais

NIRS fNIRS 5 Experimental Design and Analysis Níveis de Oxigenação Indiretas Resposta Hemodinâmica e Flutuações corporais

NIRS fNIRS 4 Experimental Design and Analysis Níveis de Oxigenação Indiretas

NIRS fNIRS 3 Experimental Design and Analysis Tarefa e Repouso

NIRS fNIRS 2 Experimental Design and Analysis Grupo e Indivíduos

NIRS fNIRS 1 Experimental Design and Analysis